SAINT CHRISTOPHER Coin Lucky Charm Holiday Vacation Bible Protection Roman Times

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Seller: Top-Rated Seller lasvegasormonaco ✉️ (3,239) 99.7%, Location: Manchester, Take a look at my other items, GB, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 266261250347 SAINT CHRISTOPHER Coin Lucky Charm Holiday Vacation Bible Protection Roman Times. St.Christopher Commemorative Coin It has an image of St.Christopher carrying the Christ Child with the words "Saint Christopher Protect Us" The Reverse has the words "Patron Saint of Travellers" a poem  Dear Saint, you have inherited a beautiful name - Christ bearer - as a result of a wonderful legend that while carrying people across a raging stream you also carried the Child Jesus. Teach us to be true Christ bearers to those who do not know him. Protect all drivers who often transports those who bear Christ within them.  At the bottom is the word "Amen." Sure to Bring Good Luck and Keep The Holder Safe When Travelling The coin is 40mm in diameter, weighs about  1 oz Comes in air-tight acrylic coin holder  A Beautiful coin and Magnificent Keepsake Souvenir of A Great Saint In Excellent Condition Sorry about the poor quality photos. They dont do the coin justice which looks a lot better in real life Would make an Excellent Gift or Collectable Keepsake of a great player Click Here to Check out my other Religious Items!

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I have sold items to coutries such as Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * American Samoa (US) * Andorra * Angola * Anguilla (GB) * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Aruba (NL) * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize * Benin * Bermuda (GB) * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bonaire (NL)  * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Bouvet Island (NO) * Brazil * British Indian Ocean Territory (GB) * British Virgin Islands (GB) * Brunei * Bulgaria * Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Cape Verde * Cayman Islands (GB) * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China * Christmas Island (AU) * Cocos Islands (AU) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Cook Islands (NZ) * Coral Sea Islands Territory (AU) * Costa Rica * Croatia * Cuba * Curaçao (NL)  * Cyprus * Czech Republic * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * East Timor * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea * Eritrea * Estonia * Ethiopia * Falkland Islands (GB) * Faroe Islands (DK) * Fiji Islands * Finland * France * French Guiana (FR) * French Polynesia (FR) * French Southern Lands (FR) * Gabon * Gambia * Georgia * Germany * Ghana * Gibraltar (GB) * Greece * Greenland (DK) * Grenada * Guadeloupe (FR) * Guam (US) * Guatemala * Guernsey (GB) * Guinea * Guinea-Bissau * Guyana * Haiti * Heard and McDonald Islands (AU) * Honduras * Hong Kong (CN) * Hungary * Iceland * India * Indonesia * Iran * Iraq * Ireland * Isle of Man (GB) * Israel * Italy * Ivory Coast * Jamaica * Jan Mayen (NO) * Japan * Jersey (GB) * Jordan * Kazakhstan * Kenya * Kiribati * Kosovo * Kuwait * Kyrgyzstan * Laos * Latvia * Lebanon * Lesotho * Liberia * Libya * Liechtenstein * Lithuania * Luxembourg * Macau (CN) * Macedonia * Madagascar * Malawi * Malaysia * Maldives * Mali * Malta * Marshall Islands * Martinique (FR) * Mauritania * Mauritius * Mayotte (FR) * Mexico * Micronesia * Moldova * Monaco * Mongolia * Montenegro * Montserrat (GB) * Morocco * Mozambique * Myanmar * Namibia * Nauru * Navassa (US) * Nepal * Netherlands * New Caledonia (FR) * New Zealand * Nicaragua * Niger * Nigeria * Niue (NZ) * Norfolk Island (AU) * North Korea * Northern Cyprus * Northern Mariana Islands (US) * Norway * Oman * Pakistan * Palau * Palestinian Authority * Panama * Papua New Guinea * Paraguay * Peru * Philippines * Pitcairn Island (GB) * Poland * Portugal * Puerto Rico (US) * Qatar * Reunion (FR) * Romania * Russia * Rwanda * Saba (NL)  * Saint Barthelemy (FR) * Saint Helena (GB) * Saint Kitts and Nevis * Saint Lucia * Saint Martin (FR) * Saint Pierre and Miquelon (FR) * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * Samoa * San Marino * Sao Tome and Principe * Saudi Arabia * Senegal * Serbia * Seychelles * Sierra Leone * Singapore * Sint Eustatius (NL)  * Sint Maarten (NL)  * Slovakia * Slovenia * Solomon Islands * Somalia * South Africa * South Georgia (GB) * South Korea * South Sudan * Spain * Sri Lanka * Sudan * Suriname * Svalbard (NO) * Swaziland * Sweden * Switzerland * Syria * Taiwan * Tajikistan * Tanzania * Thailand * Togo * Tokelau (NZ) * Tonga * Trinidad and Tobago * Tunisia * Turkey * Turkmenistan * Turks and Caicos Islands (GB) * Tuvalu * U.S. Minor Pacific Islands (US) * U.S. Virgin Islands (US) * Uganda * Ukraine * United Arab Emirates * United Kingdom * United States * Uruguay * Uzbekistan * Vanuatu * Vatican City * Venezuela * Vietnam * Wallis and Futuna (FR) * Yemen * Zambia * Zimbabwe and major cities such as Tokyo, Yokohama, New York City, Sao Paulo, Seoul, Mexico City, Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto, Manila, Mumbai, Delhi, Jakarta, Lagos, Kolkata, Cairo, Los Angeles, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Moscow, Shanghai, Karachi, Paris, Istanbul, Nagoya, Beijing, Chicago, London, Shenzhen, Essen, Düsseldorf, Tehran, Bogota, Lima, Bangkok, Johannesburg, East Rand, Chennai, Taipei, Baghdad, Santiago, Bangalore, Hyderabad, St Petersburg, Philadelphia, Lahore, Kinshasa, Miami, Ho Chi Minh City, Madrid, Tianjin, Kuala Lumpur, Toronto, Milan, Shenyang, Dallas, Fort Worth, Boston, Belo Horizonte, Khartoum, Riyadh, Singapore, Washington, Detroit, Barcelona,, Houston, Athens, Berlin, Sydney, Atlanta, Guadalajara, San Francisco, Oakland, Montreal, Monterey, Melbourne, Ankara, Recife, Phoenix/Mesa, Durban, Porto Alegre, Dalian, Jeddah, Seattle, Cape Town, San Diego, Fortaleza, Curitiba, Rome, Naples, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Tel Aviv, Birmingham, Frankfurt, Lisbon, Manchester, San Juan, Katowice, Tashkent, Fukuoka, Baku, Sumqayit, St. Louis, Baltimore, Sapporo, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Taichung, Warsaw, Denver, Cologne, Bonn, Hamburg, Dubai, Pretoria, Vancouver, Beirut, Budapest, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Campinas, Harare, Brasilia, Kuwait, Munich, Portland, Brussels, Vienna, San Jose, Damman , Copenhagen, Brisbane, Riverside, San Bernardino, Cincinnati and Accra

Saint Christopher, (flourished 3rd century; Western feast day July 25; Eastern feast day May 9), legendary martyr of the early church. Venerated as one of the 14 Auxiliary Saints (Holy Helpers), he is the patron saint of travelers and, beginning in the 20th century, of motorists. Though one of the most popular saints, there is no certainty that he existed historically.

According to the Roman martyrology, he died in Lycia under the Roman emperor Decius (c. 250). He is the hero of many later legends, which represent him as a giant who, after being converted, devoted his life to carrying travelers across a river. One day a small child asked to be transported, and in the middle of the river the child became so heavy that Christopher staggered under the burden, complained of the weight, and was told that he had borne upon his back the world and Him who created it. Hence, Christopher (Greek: “Christ-Bearer”) is generally represented in art carrying the Christ Child on his back. In 1969 his name was dropped from the calendar of the Roman Catholic Church, and his feast day is no longer obligatory.

martyr, one who voluntarily suffers death rather than deny their religion by words or deeds; such action is afforded special, institutionalized recognition in most major religions of the world. The term may also refer to anyone who sacrifices their life or something of great value for the sake of principle.

Judaism

The universality of persecution throughout its history has engendered in Judaism an explicit ideal of martyrdom. It begins with Abraham, who according to legend was cast into a lime kiln and saved from the fire by divine grace. The tradition was continued by Isaac, who consented to be sacrificed by his father, and by Daniel, whose example compelled the popular imagination. Readiness for martyrdom became a collective Jewish ideal during the Antiochene persecution and the Maccabean rebellion of the 2nd century BC. The best known episode was that of the mother and her seven sons (II Maccabees 7). Martyrdom was preferred to the desecration of the Sabbath by the early Ḥasidim. In Hadrian’s time, pious Jews risked death to circumcise their children, and Rabbi Akiva ben Yosef embraced martyrdom to assert the right to teach the Law publicly. The Talmud cites the majority opinion that one should prefer martyrdom to three transgressions—idolatry, sexual immorality, and murder.

The Midrash on Lamentations 2:2 contains what is probably the oldest Jewish martyrology, the list of the Ten Martyrs. It was repeated in later midrashim and formed the theme of several liturgical elegies, including the Eleh Ezkerah, found in the Yom Kippur service. During the European persecutions of the later Middle Ages, chronological registers of martyrs were drawn up for use in synagogue commemorative services. In 1296 Isaac ben Samuel of Meiningen began to collect these in the Memorbuch published in 1898, covering the years 1096–1349.

In a sense, Jewish life was a nearly continuous training in martyrdom. Martyrs are honoured as kedoshim (“the holy ones”). Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Lyady, founder of Ḥabad Ḥasidism, considered the spirit of martyrdom (mesirut nefesh) to be the distinguishing quality of the Jewish people.

The deliberate execution of an estimated six million Jews by the Nazis during World War II dwarfed all previous ordeals of martyrdom. In current Jewish literature, the victims are regarded as martyrs since they died for the sole reason of being Jews. In contrast to previous occasions, they were not given the alternative of saving their lives by abjuring their faith. In Israel the library of Yad Veshem contains most of the extant records of the holocaust.

Christianity

The original meaning of the Greek word martys was “witness”; in this sense it is often used in the New Testament. Since the most striking witness that Christians could bear to their faith was to die rather than deny it, the word soon began to be used in reference to one who was not only a witness but specifically a witness unto death. This usage is present, at least implicitly, in Acts 22:20 and Revelation 2:13.

The first Christian martyrs were St. Stephen and St. James. Of the apostles the most important martyrs were SS. Peter and Paul, both put to death at Rome. Clement of Rome describes them as God’s athletes, contending for the heavenly prize, and mentions a “great multitude” executed at the same time. Early in the 2nd century, Ignatius of Antioch described his own prospective martyrdom as a way of “attaining to God” and urged the Roman Christians not to make any effort to have him spared. In the sporadic persecutions of the first two centuries, martyrdoms were not especially frequent, but the martyrs were highly regarded by Christians. The Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius, by contrast, viewed their constancy as theatrical. The government’s position was not entirely clear. Were Christians to be condemned as Christians because of specific criminal charges or because of crimes inherent in the profession of Christianity? In any event, they were ordered to prove their abandonment of Christianity by offering sacrifices to the Roman gods; when they refused to do so, they were executed.

With the passage of time and with a fresh emphasis on martyrdom (often regarded as a substitute for baptism) in the persecutions under Decius (AD 250) and Diocletian (AD 303–311), the authentic acts of the early martyrs were often replaced by legendary accounts (for instance, none of the versions of the death of Ignatius is genuine). The earliest surviving Christian martyrologies are the Syrian Breviarium Syriacum (AD 411) and the Hieronymian (mid-5th century), which purports to be by St. Jerome, a claim rejected by critics.

Islam

The Islāmic designation shahīd (Arabic: “witness”) is equivalent to and in a sense derivative of the Judaeo-Christian concept of martyr. The full sense of “witness unto death” does not appear in the Qurʾān but receives explicit treatment in the subsequent Ḥadīth literature, in which it is stated that martyrs, among the host of heaven, stand nearest the throne of God.

While details of the status accorded by martyrdom (e.g., whether or not a martyr is exempt from certain rituals of burial) have been debated among dogmatists, it is generally agreed that the rank of shahīd comprises two groups of the faithful: those killed in jihad, or holy war, and those killed unjustly. The term is used informally to venerate anyone who dies in a pitiable manner (e.g., in childbirth; in a strange land). Among the Shīʿite branch, the martyr par excellence is Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī (c. 629–680), whose death at the hands of the rival Sunnite faction under Yazīd is commemorated every year during the first 10 days of the month of Muḥarram.

Buddhism

While distinctly lacking a history of persecution or of violent conflict with other faiths, Buddhism does recognize among its adherents a venerable class of martyrs. The Jātaka (q.v.) commentary on the former lives of the Buddha is in a sense a martyrology of the bodhisattva (“buddha-to-be”) and his disciples, recounting their continual self-sacrifice and repeated deaths. In Mahāyāna (Greater Vehicle) Buddhism, the decision by one destined to become a buddha in this or another life to postpone his own enlightenment to alleviate the suffering of others is regarded as martyrdom.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn.

saint

By Gustav Mensching • Edit History

Related Topics: canonization relic doctor of the church patron saint lohan

saint, holy person, believed to have a special relationship to the sacred as well as moral perfection or exceptional teaching abilities. The phenomenon is widespread in the religions of the world, both ancient and contemporary. Various types of religious personages have been recognized as saints, both by popular acclaim and official pronouncement, and their influence on the religious masses (the broad spectrum of those holding various wide-ranging religious beliefs) has been, and is, of considerable significance.

Nature and significance

Saints are persons believed to be connected in a special manner with what is viewed as sacred reality—gods, spiritual powers, mythical realms, and other aspects of the sacred or holy. The religious person may have various relationships with the sacred: as seer, prophet, saviour, monk, nun, priest, priestess, or other such personage. In the case of each of these, however, a specific kind of relationship to the holy is involved. Seers, for example, have an inspirational vision of the future; prophets proclaim a revelation; saviours are entrusted with effecting redemption, liberation, or other salvatory conditions; monks and nuns lead religious lives in accordance with ascetic regulations that they generally observe as long as they live. Every one of these religious persons may simultaneously be, or become, a saint, but there is no necessary connection. Sainthood thus implies a special type of relationship to the holy, a relationship that is not automatically obtained by other religious personages through their performance of religious duties or offices.

A holiday is a day set aside by custom or by law on which normal activities, especially business or work including school, are suspended or reduced. Generally, holidays are intended to allow individuals to celebrate or commemorate an event or tradition of cultural or religious significance. Holidays may be designated by governments, religious institutions, or other groups or organizations. The degree to which normal activities are reduced by a holiday may depend on local laws, customs, the type of job held or personal choices.

The concept of holidays often originated in connection with religious observances or associated with traditions. The intention of a holiday was typically to allow individuals to tend to religious duties associated with important dates on the calendar. In most modern societies, however, holidays serve as much of a recreational functions as any other weekend days or activities.

In many societies, there are important distinctions between holidays designated by governments and holidays designated by religious institutions. For example, in many predominantly Christian nations, government-designed holidays may center on Christian holidays, though non-Christians may instead observe religious holidays associated with their faith. In some cases, a holiday may only be nominally observed. For example, many people in England treat Bank Holiday as a "working holiday", changing very little of their daily routines for this day.

The word holiday has differing connotations in different regions. In the United States the word is used exclusively to refer to the nationally, religiously or culturally observed day(s) of rest or celebration, or the events themselves, whereas in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth nations, the word may refer to the period of time where leave from one's duties has been agreed, and is used as a synonym to the US preferred vacation. This time is usually set aside for rest, travel or the participation in recreational activities, with entire industries targeted to coincide or enhance these experiences. The days of leave may not coincide with any specific customs or laws. Employers and educational institutes may designate ‘holidays’ themselves which may or may not overlap nationally or culturally relevant dates, which again comes under this connotation, but it is the first implication detailed that this article is concerned with.

Etymology

The word holiday comes from the Old English word hāligdæg (hālig "holy" + dæg "day").[1] The word originally referred only to special religious days. The modern use varies geographically. In North America, it means any dedicated day or period of celebration. In the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand, holiday is often used instead of the word vacation.

Types of holiday (observance)

Further information: Lists of holidays

National holidays

See also: National day

Sovereign nations and territories observe holidays based on events of significance to their history. For example, the American Independence Day celebrates the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776.

Other secular holidays

See also: List of generic types of observances

Other secular (non-religious) holidays are observed nationally, internationally (often in conjunction with organizations such as the United Nations), and across multi-country regions. The United Nations Calendar of Observances[2] dedicates decades to a specific topic, but also a complete year, month, week and days. Holidays dedicated to an observance such as the commemoration of the ending of World War II, or the Shoah, can also be part of the reparation obligation as per UN General Assembly Resolution 60/147 Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law.[3]

Another example of a major secular holiday is the Lunar New Year, which is celebrated across East Asia and South East Asia. Many other days are marked to celebrate events or people, but are not strictly holidays as time off work is rarely given; examples include Arbor Day (originally U.S.), Labor Day (celebrated sometimes under different names and on different days in different countries), and Earth Day (22 April).

Unofficial holidays

See also: List of minor secular observances

These are holidays that are not traditionally marked on calendars. These holidays are celebrated by various groups and individuals. Some promote a cause, others recognize historical events not officially recognized, and others are "funny" holidays celebrated with humorous intent. For example, Monkey Day is celebrated on December 14, International Talk Like a Pirate Day is observed on September 19, and Blasphemy Day is held on September 30. Other examples are April Fools' Day on April 1 and World No Tobacco Day on May 31. Various community organizers and marketers promote odd social media holidays.

Religious holidays

Many holidays are linked to faiths and religions (see etymology above). Christian holidays are defined as part of the liturgical year, the chief ones being Easter and Christmas. The Orthodox Christian and Western-Roman Catholic patronal feast day or "name day" are celebrated in each place's patron saint's day, according to the Calendar of saints. Jehovah's Witnesses annually commemorate "The Memorial of Jesus Christ's Death", but do not celebrate other holidays with any religious significance such as Easter, Christmas or New Year. This holds especially true for those holidays that have combined and absorbed rituals, overtones or practices from non-Christian beliefs into the celebration, as well as those holidays that distract from or replace the worship of Jehovah.[4] In Islam, the largest holidays are Eid al-Fitr (immediately after Ramadan) and Eid al-Adha (at the end of the Hajj). Ahmadi Muslims additionally celebrate Promised Messiah Day, Promised Reformer Day, and Khilafat Day, but contrary to popular belief, neither are regarded as holidays. Hindus, Jains and Sikhs observe several holidays, one of the largest being Diwali (Festival of Light). Japanese holidays as well as few Catholic holidays contain heavy references to several different faiths and beliefs. Celtic, Norse, and Neopagan holidays follow the order of the Wheel of the Year. For example, Christmas ideas like decorating trees and colors (green, red, and white) have very similar ideas to modern Wicca (a modern Pagan belief) Yule which is a lesser Sabbat of the wheel of the year. Some are closely linked to Swedish festivities. The Baháʼí Faith observes 11 annual holidays on dates determined using the Baháʼí calendar. Jews have two holiday seasons: the Spring Feasts of Pesach (Passover) and Shavuot (Weeks, called Pentecost in Greek); and the Fall Feasts of Rosh Hashanah (Head of the Year), Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement), Sukkot (Tabernacles), and Shemini Atzeret (Eighth Day of Assembly).

Substitute holidays

If a holiday coincides with another holiday or a weekend day a substitute holiday may be recognised in lieu. In the United Kingdom the government website states that "If a bank holiday is on a weekend, a 'substitute' weekday becomes a bank holiday, normally the following Monday.", and the list of bank holidays for the year 2020 includes Monday 28 December as "Boxing Day (substitute day)", as 26 December is a Saturday.[5] The process of moving a holiday from a weekend day to the following Monday is known as Mondayisation in New Zealand.[6]

See also

icon Holidays portal

Christmas and holiday season

Holiday heart syndrome

Public holiday

List of holidays by country

Commemoration (Anglicanism)

Tribute

References

 "holiday - Origin and meaning of holiday by Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com. Retrieved 20 February 2018.

 "International Days". United Nations. Retrieved August 10, 2018.

 "Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law". December 16, 2005. Retrieved August 10, 2018.

 Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. Reasoning from the Scriptures. Watchtower, 1985, pp. 176–182

 "UK bank holidays". gov.uk. Retrieved 7 February 2020.

 Smith, Bridget; Oldfield, Tim (3 May 2013). "Happy holidays: the 'Mondayisation' of public holidays". SBM Legal. Retrieved 7 February 2020.

External links

Holidays at Curlie

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Public holidays by country

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Public holidays in Africa

Sovereign states

AlgeriaAngolaBeninBotswanaBurkina FasoBurundiCameroonCape VerdeCentral African RepublicChadComorosDemocratic Republic of the CongoRepublic of the CongoDjiboutiEgyptEquatorial GuineaEritreaEswatiniEthiopiaGabonThe GambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea-BissauIvory CoastKenyaLesothoLiberiaLibyaMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritaniaMauritiusMoroccoMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaRwandaSão Tomé and PríncipeSenegalSeychellesSierra LeoneSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth SudanSudanTanzaniaTogoTunisiaUgandaZambiaZimbabwe

States with limited

recognition

Sahrawi Arab Democratic RepublicSomaliland

Dependencies and

other territories

Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla  (Spain)Madeira (Portugal)Mayotte / Réunion (France)Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)Western Sahara

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Public holidays in Asia

Sovereign states

AfghanistanArmeniaAzerbaijanBahrainBangladeshBhutanBruneiCambodiaChinaCyprusEast Timor (Timor-Leste)EgyptGeorgiaIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIsraelJapanJordanKazakhstanNorth KoreaSouth KoreaKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLebanonMalaysiaMaldivesMongoliaMyanmarNepalOmanPakistanPhilippinesQatarRussiaSaudi ArabiaSingaporeSri LankaSyriaTajikistanThailandTurkeyTurkmenistanUnited Arab EmiratesUzbekistanVietnamYemen

States with

limited recognition

AbkhaziaArtsakhNorthern CyprusPalestineSouth OssetiaTaiwan

Dependencies and

other territories

British Indian Ocean TerritoryChristmas IslandCocos (Keeling) IslandsHong KongMacau

 Category Asia portal

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Public holidays in Europe

Sovereign states

AlbaniaAndorraArmeniaAustriaAzerbaijanBelarusBelgiumBosnia and HerzegovinaBulgariaCroatiaCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGeorgiaGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandItalyKazakhstanLatviaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaMoldovaMonacoMontenegroNetherlandsNorth MacedoniaNorwayPolandPortugalRomaniaRussiaSan MarinoSerbiaSlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUkraineUnited KingdomVatican City

States with limited

recognition

AbkhaziaArtsakhKosovoNorthern CyprusSouth OssetiaTransnistria

Dependencies and

other entities

ÅlandFaroe IslandsGibraltarGuernseyIsle of ManJerseySvalbard

Other entities

European Union

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Public holidays in North America

Sovereign states

Antigua and BarbudaBahamasBarbadosBelizeCanadaCosta RicaCubaDominicaDominican RepublicEl SalvadorGrenadaGuatemalaHaitiHondurasJamaicaMexicoNicaraguaPanamaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesTrinidad and TobagoUnited States

Dependencies and

other territories

AnguillaArubaBermudaBonaireBritish Virgin IslandsCayman IslandsCuraçaoGreenlandGuadeloupeMartiniqueMontserratPuerto RicoSaint BarthélemySaint MartinSaint Pierre and MiquelonSabaSint EustatiusSint MaartenTurks and Caicos IslandsUnited States Virgin Islands

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Public holidays in Oceania

Sovereign states

AustraliaFederated States of MicronesiaFijiKiribatiMarshall IslandsNauruNew ZealandPalauPapua New GuineaSamoaSolomon IslandsTongaTuvaluVanuatu

Associated states

of New Zealand

Cook IslandsNiue

Dependencies

and other territories

American SamoaChristmas IslandCocos (Keeling) IslandsEaster IslandFrench PolynesiaGuamHawaiiNew CaledoniaNorfolk IslandNorthern Mariana IslandsPitcairn IslandsTokelauWallis and Futuna

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Public holidays in South America

Sovereign states

ArgentinaBoliviaBrazilChileColombiaEcuadorGuyanaParaguayPeruSurinameUruguayVenezuela

Dependencies and

other territories

Falkland IslandsFrench GuianaSouth Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

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Vacation

Vacationers at the beach in Broadstairs, Kent, UK

A vacation (American English) or holiday (British English) is either a leave of absence from a regular job or an instance of leisure travel away from home. People often take a vacation during specific holiday observances or for specific festivals or celebrations. Vacations are often spent with friends or family.[1] Vacations may include a specific trip or journey, usually for the purpose of recreation or tourism.

A person may take a longer break from work, such as a sabbatical, gap year, or career break.

The concept of taking a vacation is a recent invention, and has developed through the last two centuries. Historically, the idea of travel for recreation was a luxury that only wealthy people could afford (see Grand Tour). In the Puritan culture of early America, taking a break from work for reasons other than weekly observance of the Sabbath was frowned upon. However, the modern concept of vacation was led by a later religious movement encouraging spiritual retreat and recreation. The notion of breaking from work periodically took root among the middle and working class.[2]

Etymology

In the United Kingdom, vacation once specifically referred to the long summer break taken by the law courts and then later the term was applied to universities.[3] The custom was introduced by William the Conqueror from Normandy where it facilitated the grape harvest.[citation needed] In the past, many upper-class families moved to a summer home for part of the year, leaving their usual home vacant.[citation needed]

Regional meaning

See also: Tourism

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Vacation, in English-speaking North America, describes recreational travel, such as a short pleasure trip, or a journey abroad. People in Commonwealth countries use the term holiday to describe absence from work as well as to describe a vacation or journey. Vacation can mean either staying home or going somewhere.

Canadians often use vacation and holiday interchangeably referring to a trip away from home or time off work. In Australia and the UK, holiday can refer to a vacation or a public holiday.

The Vanderbilts, Rockefellers, Carnegies, Huntingtons and other fabulously wealthy industrialists built their own spectacular "great camps" in the Adirondacks of upstate New York where they could spend time with their families in private luxury. The scions of New York City took to declaring that they would "vacate" their city homes for their lakeside summer retreats, and the term "vacation" replaced the British "holiday" in common parlance.

In Hungarian, the word vakáció can mean both a recreational trip, an officially granted absence from work (generally in warmer months), and the summer (longest) school break. For absence from work, the word szabadság (freedom/liberty) can be used, possibly as betegszabadság (sickness freedom/sickness liberty) when the reason of absence is medical in nature.

Family vacation

Family vacation refers to recreation taken together by the family. Family vacation can be ritual—for example, annually around the same time—or it can be a one-time event. It can involve travel to a far-flung spot or, for families on a tight budget, a stay-at-home staycation.[4] Some examples of favorite family vacations might include family cruises, trips to popular theme parks, ski vacations, beach vacations, food vacations[5] or similar types of family trips.

Vacation research

Research on the effects of vacations on health, well-being and work performance started in the 1990s. The first meta-analysis on the effects of vacations was published in 2009.[6] It showed that thus far only 7 studies had been conducted which investigated the effects of vacationing on health and well-being of employees. A literature review on the health and wellness benefits of travel experiences revealed beneficial effects of vacationing.[7]

Anticipation effects

Anticipation effects of vacations refer to the changes that may occur in the time leading up to a vacation. Anticipation effects can be positive and negative. They can manifest in stress from workload or homeload (house work such as cleaning) leading up to a vacation. Research shows that health and well-being levels decrease from the second last week before vacation to the last week before vacation. This is explained by a higher workload leading up to vacation. Increasing homeload before vacation also explains a decrease in health and well-being prior to vacation, but only for women.[8]

Moreover, research on Christmas holidays found that positive well-being effects such as enthusiasm rose in the weeks leading up to Christmas, whereas negative well-being effects such as nervousness decreased in the same time period. These effects can be explained by the pleasant expectations, called “Vorfreude” in German, that arise in the time leading up to the Christmas holidays[9].

Vacation effects

In a series of studies from 2010,[10] 2012[11] and 2013,[12] a team of researchers from the Radboud University Nijmegen analyzed the effects of vacations on subjective wellbeing in approximately 250 employees. The researchers examined vacations before, during and after their vacation. Via telephone interviews during vacation, the researchers found that self-reported health and wellbeing improved during vacation. However, within the first week of returning to work, employee’s wellbeing lapsed to pre-vacation levels, irrespective of the duration or type of vacation. The research team also found that subjective vacation experiences, such as relaxation and control over one’s activities boost vacation effects.[13] 

Creativity

According to a scientific study from 2014,[14] vacations have an effect on an individual’s creativity. Researchers examined creativity by way of an idea-generation task (Guilford's Alternate Uses) in 46 Dutch employees before and after a three-week summer vacation. Participants had to generate creative uses for common daily things such as a brick or piece of paper. The results showed that ideas were just as original after the vacation as they were before. However, employees did produce a wider range of ideas after a vacation as opposed to before, showing greater mental flexibility as a result from taking a vacation. Specifically, it seems that after a vacation employees consider a greater range of aspects of thoughts and avoid routine solutions as opposed to before going on vacation.

Romantic relationships

In a study from 2012,[11] researchers found that a vacation may act as a relationship booster by offering the opportunity to increase interactions with a partner and by enhancing spouse support. This finding highlights the importance of high quality contact between partners during a vacation. Specifically, vacationers who conversed extensively and positively with one another felt more relaxed, derived more pleasure from vacation experiences and felt more detached from their work during their holiday trip.[15] Another study found that satisfaction with vacations can explain couples’ relationship commitment and suggests that vacation may serve as a means for strengthening relationships.[16] Another team of researchers found that shared experiences during vacations, such as effective communication, showing affection, or experiencing new things together, were positively associated with couples’ day-to-day functioning at home.

Vacation mechanisms: why vacations are beneficial

Leisure is an important ingredient for overall well-being. It provides people with freetime and possibilities to engage in non-obligatory activities. This helps people to recover from job stress.[17] In 2007, researchers developed four measures for assessing how people recuperate and unwind from work during leisure time. This study showed that there are four recovery experiences: psychological detachment from work, relaxation, mastery, and control. These are the psychological mechanisms which help to lower stress and recover the body and mind from straining episodes. These four mechanisms were later extended with meaning and affiliation leading to the DRAMMA-model: Detachment, Relaxation, Autonomy, Mastery, Meaning and Affiliation[18][19]. These six mechanisms are the ingredients for a good recovery in busy times.

Detachment refers to mental distancing from work-related tasks. This can, for example, be achieved by reading a book or engaging in physical activities.

Relaxation refers to low levels of physical and mental activation coupled with a positive mood. Relaxation activities are for example massages or taking a warm bath.

Autonomy refers to a sense of being in control of your surroundings. This concerns, for example, being able to reserve certain periods of the day for enjoyable activities of your own choice.

Mastery can be achieved by activities that challenge you and provide learning opportunities. This can consist of learning new skills, like playing an instrument or sports, or to gain new knowledge.

Meaning refers to leisure activities that give people a sense of making a difference in the world and contributing to a greater cause. Examples are volunteering, cultural activities or making art.

Affiliation refers to the sense of belongingness and the sense of feeling connected to others. Activities that can lead to affiliation are for example going to parties with friends, playing games or cooking and eating together.

Each of these mechanisms serve as a mediating link between any form of leisure activities and subjective well-being. Autonomy, Mastery and Affiliation are similar to the core mechanisms in self-determination theory.

Practical tips for getting the most out of your vacation[20][21]

Exercise at the end of your last working day. Going to the gym after work will help you to mentally disengage from your work, get rid of stress hormones and prevent physical complaints during your first days off work.

Set an out of office reply for your work email and leave it on until a day after you return. This way you can come back peacefully in your office after your holiday.

Detach and take control. Leave your work phone at home, don’t check your mail and make clear arrangements concerning your availability during your absence.

Start slowly. Gradually build up working times during your first week back at the office or resume work on Wednesdays instead of Mondays. Make sure to prevent overtime after work resumption. This will help you preserve positive vacation effects and savor your ‘holiday afterglow’.

Create and cherish happy holiday memories. According to the peak-end rule, we remember particularly well the worst, the best and the last moments of an experience, so make sure your last day is a good one. Furthermore, to cherish your holiday memories back at home, set a holiday photo as your work computer’s background, reconnect with holiday friends and prepare your favorite vacation food.

Spread your annual leave. Don’t take only one long holiday per year. The benefits of a vacation wash out fast, so you will achieve a healthier work-life balance by planning regular long weekends and short vacations in order to feel vital all year.

Make every day a holiday. Integrate personal ‘holiday happiness’ ingredients like a picnic in the park or playing board games into lunch breaks, evening hours and weekends.

Methodology

Vacation research design

Conducting research on vacations is challenging because vacationing concerns a process that stretches across longer time periods and people are often traveling and therefore hard to reach for research purposes. Randomized controlled trials in which people would be assigned to certain travel types are costly to realize and most people would probably not like to be assigned to a specific type of holiday. Accordingly, researchers have described a few important features of vacation research that help to generate reliable and valid results.[22]

Measures before, during and after vacation: Repeated measures in the same persons are required to study vacationing as a process that unfolds its effects over time.  

On vacation measurements: It is important to not only use pre- and post-vacation measurements but to also obtain information during vacation. This is because post-vacation measurements are biased by work resumption and fade-out may already have begun. On vacation measures could be done via live phone calls/interviews or time-stamped assessments via smartphone apps.

Pre-vacation measurements: Research has shown that health and well-being slightly decrease shortly before vacation compared to two weeks before vacation.[23] Therefore, vacation effects are defined as the difference between on-vacation measurements compared to pre-vacation measurements conducted at least two weeks prior to the holiday.  

Fade-out measurements: It is also useful to compare several post-vacation measurements with pre-vacation measurements to determine whether and how fast vacation effects diminish.[24]

Vacation policy

In nearly all countries worldwide, there are minimum requirements as to the annual leave that must be afforded to an employee (see also List of minimum annual leave by country).

Even in the United States, where no federal requirements as to minimum annual leave exist, many large corporations have vacation policies, some allowing employees to take weeks off and some even allowing unlimited vacation.[25] Unlimited vacation arrangements may nonetheless come with implicit expectations, for instance, it may be implied that an employee should not take more than about the average number of vacation days taken by others. They normally also have the consequence that employees who leave the company receive no monetary compensation for leave days not taken.[citation needed]

According to the U.S. Travel Association, Americans collectively did not use 662 million vacation days in 2016. More than half of all working people in the United States forfeited paid time off at the end of the year.[26] Two-thirds of people still do work while they are on vacation.[27]

Unlimited paid vacation policies

In order to go on a vacation in the first place, workers make use of paid time off granted by their employers. Recently, unlimited paid time off policies (UPTO) are rising in popularity. In a study from 2022, researchers propose two competing processes and boundary conditions when it comes to unlimited paid time off.[28] These processes can at the same time “unlock the best” and “unleash the beast”. On the one hand, unlimited time paid time off can increase employees’ feeling of control, accountability, and work engagement. On the other hand, unlimited paid time off may set detrimental social processes in motion which could also lead to self-endangering work behaviors, long working hours, and exhaustion. Workers may feel discouraged from taking time off, because they lack social norms on leave taking, feel insecure about taking leave or feel guilty towards their team when taking time off during busy periods at work. Absence of formal rules may lead to newly emerging informal rules which are not communicated and can increase social conflicts. The researchers also argue that leave changes from an individual trading good into a collective good under unlimited leave policies.

Impact of digital communications

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Recent developments in communication technology—such as internet, mobile, instant messaging, presence tracking—have begun to change the nature of vacation. Vacation today now could mean absence from the workplace rather than temporary cession of work. For a minority subset of workers in North America and the United Kingdom, it is now the norm to carry on working or remain on call while on vacation rather than abandon work altogether. Some people do remote work while on vacation. Antithetically, workers may take time out of the office to go on vacation, but remain plugged-in to work-related communications networks. While remaining plugged-in over vacation may generate short-term business benefits, the long-term psychological impacts of these developments are only beginning to be understood.[29]

Workcations

Since the pandemic started and working life became more flexible, working from various locations became more common. Specifically, workcations that combine aspects of work and travel can offer periods of detachment and relaxation in the same way vacations do, although those periods are shorter than during a traditional vacation.[30]

A study published in 2020 regarding digital nomads explains how the borders between work and leisure disappear.[31] Digital nomads can travel and work because they are not bound by normal work structures such as offices and 9-to-5 life. However, creating one’s own structures, routines and work communities can also be experienced as burdensome.

In popular culture

Family vacation and vacation in general has become a common theme in many books, films and movies. Writers often draw on common occurrences that take place during a vacation such as disasters and bonding.

See also

Active vacation

Adventure travel

Annual leave

Bank holiday

Family reunion

Mancation

Paid time off

Spring break

Summer vacation

References

 Swanson, Emily; Harpaz, Beth J. "This is the No. 1 thing Americans want to do on vacation". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.

 All Things Considered (17 June 2009). "The History of the Vacation Examined". NPR. Retrieved 2 February 2015.

 "United Kingdom University Term Times and Vacations". Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.

 "Tips for Staying Sane on a Staycation". Traveling Mom. 2019. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.

 "Destination Food Towns in America, Suzy Strutner". Traveling Mom. 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014.

 de Bloom, Jessica; Kompier, Michiel; Geurts, Sabine; de Weerth, Carolina; Taris, Toon; Sonnentag, Sabine (2009). "Do we recover from vacation? Meta-analysis of vacation effects on health and well-being". Journal of Occupational Health. 51 (1): 13–25. doi:10.1539/joh.k8004. ISSN 1348-9585. PMID 19096200.

 Chen, Chun-Chu; Petrick, James F. (November 2013). "Health and Wellness Benefits of Travel Experiences: A Literature Review". Journal of Travel Research. 52 (6): 709–719. doi:10.1177/0047287513496477. ISSN 0047-2875.

 Nawijn, Jeroen; De Bloom, Jessica; Geurts, Sabine (1 January 2013). "Pre-Vacation Time: Blessing or Burden?". Leisure Sciences. 35 (1): 33–44. doi:10.1080/01490400.2013.739875. ISSN 0149-0400.

 Syrek, Christine J.; Weigelt, Oliver; Kühnel, Jana; de Bloom, Jessica (2 October 2018). "All I want for Christmas is recovery – changes in employee affective well-being before and after vacation". Work & Stress. 32 (4): 313–333. doi:10.1080/02678373.2018.1427816. ISSN 0267-8373.

 de Bloom, Jessica; Geurts, Sabine A.E.; Taris, Toon W.; Sonnentag, Sabine; de Weerth, Carolina; Kompier, Michiel A.J. (1 April 2010). "Effects of vacation from work on health and well-being: Lots of fun, quickly gone". Work & Stress. 24 (2): 196–216. doi:10.1080/02678373.2010.493385. ISSN 0267-8373.

 de Bloom, Jessica; Geurts, Sabine A. E.; Kompier, Michiel A. J. (October 2012). "Effects of short vacations, vacation activities and experiences on employee health and well-being". Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress. 28 (4): 305–318. doi:10.1002/smi.1434. ISSN 1532-2998. PMID 22213478.

 de Bloom, Jessica; Geurts, Sabine A. E.; Kompier, Michiel A. J. (1 April 2013). "Vacation (after-) effects on employee health and well-being, and the role of vacation activities, experiences and sleep". Journal of Happiness Studies. 14 (2): 613–633. doi:10.1007/s10902-012-9345-3. ISSN 1573-7780.

 Bloom, Jessica de (2012). How do vacations affect workers' health and well-being? : vacation (after-) effects and the role of vacation activities and experiences. Proefschriftenmaken.nl). Oisterwijk: Uitgeverij BoxPress. ISBN 978-90-8891-442-3. OCLC 801103665.

 de Bloom, Jessica; Ritter, Simone; Kühnel, Jana; Reinders, Jennifer; Geurts, Sabine (1 October 2014). "Vacation from work: A 'ticket to creativity'?: The effects of recreational travel on cognitive flexibility and originality". Tourism Management. 44: 164–171. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2014.03.013. ISSN 0261-5177.

 Durko, Angela M.; Petrick, James F. (September 2016). "Travel as Relationship Therapy: Examining the Effect of Vacation Satisfaction Applied to the Investment Model". Journal of Travel Research. 55 (7): 904–918. doi:10.1177/0047287515592970. ISSN 0047-2875.

 Shahvali, Mojtaba; Kerstetter, Deborah L.; Townsend, Jasmine N. (January 2021). "The Contribution of Vacationing Together to Couple Functioning". Journal of Travel Research. 60 (1): 133–148. doi:10.1177/0047287519892340. ISSN 0047-2875.

 Sonnentag, Sabine; Fritz, Charlotte (11 April 2014). "Recovery from job stress: The stressor-detachment model as an integrative framework". Journal of Organizational Behavior. 36 (S1): S72–S103. doi:10.1002/job.1924. ISSN 0894-3796.

 Newman, David B.; Tay, Louis; Diener, Ed (16 April 2013). "Leisure and Subjective Well-Being: A Model of Psychological Mechanisms as Mediating Factors". Journal of Happiness Studies. 15 (3): 555–578. doi:10.1007/s10902-013-9435-x. ISSN 1389-4978.

 Kujanpää, Miika; Syrek, Christine; Lehr, Dirk; Kinnunen, Ulla; Reins, Jo Annika; de Bloom, Jessica (26 March 2020). "Need Satisfaction and Optimal Functioning at Leisure and Work: A Longitudinal Validation Study of the DRAMMA Model". Journal of Happiness Studies. 22 (2): 681–707. doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00247-3. ISSN 1389-4978.

 Bloom, Jessica de (cop. 2012). De kunst van het vakantievieren. Jessica de Bloom. Amsterdam: Boom. ISBN 978-94-6105-556-9. OCLC 793983120. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

 "Making holidays work | The Psychologist". thepsychologist.bps.org.uk. Retrieved 29 April 2022.

 de Bloom, J.; Geurts, S. A. E.; Taris, T. W.; Sonnentag, S.; Weerth, C.; Kompier (2010). "Effects of vacation from work on health and well-being: Lots of fun, quickly gone". PsycEXTRA Dataset. Retrieved 29 April 2022.

 Nawijn, Jeroen; De Bloom, Jessica; Geurts, Sabine (January 2013). "Pre-Vacation Time: Blessing or Burden?". Leisure Sciences. 35 (1): 33–44. doi:10.1080/01490400.2013.739875. ISSN 0149-0400.

 Kühnel, Jana; Sonnentag, Sabine (20 July 2010). "How long do you benefit from vacation? A closer look at the fade-out of vacation effects". Journal of Organizational Behavior. 32 (1): 125–143. doi:10.1002/job.699. ISSN 0894-3796.

 Vanderkam, Laura (3 October 2015). "Here's why unlimited vacation may be too good to be true". Fortune. Retrieved 21 May 2016.

 Zillman, Claire (23 May 2017). "Americans Are Still Terrible at Taking Vacations". Fortune. Retrieved 24 May 2017.

 Ashford, Kate. "Why Americans Aren't Taking Half Of Their Vacation Days". Retrieved 3 December 2017.

 de Bloom, Jessica; Syrek, Christine J.; Kühnel, Jana; Vahle-Hinz, Tim (2022). "Unlimited Paid Time Off Policies: Unlocking the Best and Unleashing the Beast". Frontiers in Psychology. 13. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.812187. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 8987765. PMID 35401348.

 Williams, Ray (6 May 2012). "Why It's so Hard to Unplug From the Digital World". Psychology Today. Archived from the original on 25 November 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2015.

 Liu, Gloria (21 April 2022). "'Workcations' Aren't an Escape. They're Practice". The Atlantic. Retrieved 28 April 2022.

 Cook, Dave (1 September 2020). "The freedom trap: digital nomads and the use of disciplining practices to manage work/leisure boundaries". Information Technology & Tourism. 22 (3): 355–390. doi:10.1007/s40558-020-00172-4. ISSN 1943-4294.

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